Coffee growing in Costa Rica

Costa Rica, more than any other Central American country, has embraced technified sun coffee. The National Costa Rican Institute of Coffee (ICAFE) notes that 30% of coffee grown in the country is sun coffee. Not only is a 30% rate high, but it is misleading.  Coffee grown under only a single tree species, widely distributed across a farm, qualifies as "shade coffee" in Costa Rica.  In fact, all 70% of coffee not classified sun coffee can be marketed as shade coffee, but this is clearly not the kind of shade that preserves biodiversity.

Throughout the country, and especially in the Central Valley, coffee is grown in full sun, or under a single tree species. Most often this is Poró (Erythrina poeppigiana which is not native to Costa Rica) pruned to under 4 meters with only one or two branches. Bird surveys found that these Poró and coffee farms are poor avian habitat, with low species richness and few Neotropical migrants. Other farms use bananas or other fruit trees, non-native Eucalyptus, or timber trees such as Amarillon (Terminalia amazonia). Bird surveys in the Central Valley found that the highest number of species found at any farm (all were considered "shade") was similar to the paltry number found in full sun farms in Mexico and Guatemala.

According to ICAFE, 90% of Costa Rica's crop has gone over to the short, high-yielding, sun tolerant varieties caturra and cataui, as well as some catimor, all considered by experts to be lower quality than typica and bourbon varieties.  ICAFE  management recommendations, which focus on high yield, call for high inputs of pesticides and herbicides and highly pruned shade.  The eco-friendly coffee section on the ICAFE web site is devoted to discussing water treatment improvements, and mentions nothing about shade, biodiversity, or pesticide use.

It can be difficult to identify farms that use sustainable methods, because coffees in Costa Rica are most often identified by broad region, or by a brand used by a mill (beneficio), and not the name of a farm. Over 90% of Costa Rican coffee farms are under 5 hectares, and small producers are required to sell to a beneficio.  For example, the intensively marketed Café Britt company roasts 2-3 million pounds of coffee a year, and buys from farms in Tarrazu, Tres Rios, and the Central Valley.  Their main facility near Heredia, where they hold their famous tours, is on a former coffee farm, but this is primarily for show (the "campesinos" who guide the tourists around Café Britt's operations are played by professional actors).  Here's a photo of Cafe Britt's "shade" coffee.

Brand new research from Costa Rica also found that pesticides used on coffee (and banana) farms are being transported in the atmosphere into cloud forests, including montane areas far away from plantations. They accumulate there, and may be contributing to the drastic declines of amphibians in these areas.  One of the most common pesticides found was endosulfan, commonly used on coffee.  This is relevant because the high-yield varieties of coffee that are grown in low shade systems, which are common in Costa Rica, nearly always use high levels of chemical inputs, and the paper (*) notes that "The use of plant protection products per hectare is higher in Costa Rican agriculture than in most industrialized countries."

Because of their pooled coffee system and dedication to high-yield technified production, it is very difficult to be assured your Costa Rican coffee is truly sustainable.  There are no Smithsonian Bird-Friendly certified farms or co-ops in Costa Rica, that should tell you something.  I know a number of University of Michigan graduate students who have done thesis work on coffee farms in Costa Rica, and they have all told me there is very little true shade in the farms.  You are better off buying coffee from other Central American countries, especially El Salvador and Nicaragua.

If you must buy Costa Rican coffee, look for a high percentage of older varieties such as bourbon and typica, and certified organic beans -- these will all be less likely to be highly technified, as they are more difficult to grow in the sun. Some co-ops/beneficios or companies might indicate that they preserve native forest near production areas.  This is a positive sign.  This year, Costa Rica will also be joining the Cup of Excellence competition.  This means individual farms will be competing, and consumers will be able to read detailed farm profiles and learn about growing methods.  That will be helpful as well.

Here is the scoop on a few popular brands of Costa Rican coffee ...

• La Minita (Tarrazu). Family-owned farm (and mill) with nearly 700 acres in production, mostly caturra. Uses Poro in "varying density" for shade. The best thing that can be said is that it is a family owned estate that has 200 acres in natural forest that will never be converted.  Does not use herbicides or pesticides.


• Thanksgiving Coffee's Costa Rican Songbird is obtained through Sustainable Harvest coffee importers.  Of their three Costa Rican sources, only one, their organic Tarrazu, contains bourbon or typica varieties, and their "farm" descriptions are pretty sparse. This may be technically "shade grown" (as the Costa Ricans describe it) but I would be willing to be it is vastly different than what you have in mind!


• Hacienda La Amistad, adjacent to the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and Park.  The family has kept much of it (10,000 hectares) as natural forest. Certified organic, caturra and catuai varieties, grown under Poro, and the photos show that at least in some areas, coffee is grown under these oddly pruned trees. Available in Canada from Birds and Beans and in the U.S. from Sweetwater Organic Coffee.


• AFAORCA cooperative, certified organic and Fair Trade.  Sold as Cerro del Fuego at Counter Culture. From the Caraigres Hills near San Ignacio in Tarrazu.  This pioneering co-op, founded in 1997, is one of the few in the Terrazu region working with certified organic specialty coffee, diversifying farms, and developing small-scale milling methods to lessen dependence on large beneficios.


• Café Britt.  See above.


• Doka Estate. I've occasionally seen this advertised as shade coffee, and perhaps the organic section of the property has a little more shade, but in general another sunny location.  You can see the near total lack of shade trees in this travel account, or just take a look at Doka's own photo gallery.

An excellent resource on Central Valley coffee growing and biodiversity is Sandra Znajda's York University Master's thesis, "Habitat conservation, avian diversity, and coffee agrosystems in southern Costa Rica," available as a PDF here. 

Comments

[Andy Sprenger]

Great post! I remember clearly the eerie silence of a "Shade-grown" farm I recently visited in CR. I was also struck by the number of farms using Eucalyptus as the main source of shade.

It is very good to see CR joining the COE program. Hopefully some organic and Rainforest Alliance coffees make the cut.